Citing Class Notes

As usual, when it comes to MLA citation and the like Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) comes through with the best information. For those of you seniors this is an invaluable site for information on writing, research, grammar, you name it OWL probably has an article about it. In the article "Works Cited Page: Other Print Sources" the following explanation appears:

Class/Lecture Notes Taken By Student

MLA does not have any official rule for citing class or lecture notes taken by a student during a class. Our suggestion is that you track down a source on the topic you would like to reference in your notes. Or, if the item is something that a professor or classmate said that is uniquely their own observation, you should quote them in text without a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. Thus you would not include this as a source on your Works Cited page. Just provide as much identifying information in the text itself. For example:

In a lecture on 5 October 2004, in a graduate course on composition theory, Dr. Irwin Weiser stated, "...

Class/Lecture Notes Distributed by Professor

MLA also does not have any official rule on class/lecture notes that are provided to a class by the professor, either through handouts or PowerPoint slideshows. Because such notes are documented by a party other than the student, however, we would suggest that you include these in your Works Cited unlike other class notes. Simply consider these documents as you would other unpublished papers or pesentations, but use the designator "Course notes" or "Course handout" to identify the type of document it is.

For notes that are purchased or handed out in class:

Instructor's Name. "Title of Handout/Notes/Slideshow." Course notes. Name of Course. Dept., Institution. Date notes were received.

Seas, Kristen. "Conference Guidelines." Course handout. Introductory Composition. Dept. of English, Purdue University. 25 Aug. 2006.

For notes available online as PDFs & PowerPoint slides on course site:

Instructor's Name. "Title of Document." Course notes. Date distributed (or created, if known). Course title. Course home page. Dept., Institution. Date accessed from site. <URL>.

Meunier, Pascal. "CS 380S Week 4: Format String Vulnerabilities and Integer Overflows." Course notes. 31 Jan. 2007. Secure Programming. Course home page. Dept. of Computer Science, Purdue University. 5 Mar. 2007. <http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/cs390s/refs.html>.

The only thing that is really missing in the above examples is the hanging indent, which makes every line of the citation after the first indented. Unfortunately I didn't have a chance to adjust that. Otherwise, these examples and explanations coupled with you making a solid decision as to how you want to do address the issue is the way to go.

Unit 2: Vae Victus - Part 2

Military Culture (War)

Early Republic Army (develops the legion) - organized by class; all soldiers responsible for own equipment

• patricians - flag officers; generals/colonels (aristocrats)
• equities - cavalry (wealthy land owners)
• triarii - hoplite spearmen- phalanx; elder soldiers (middle class land owners)
• principies - heavy infantry (middle class land owners)
• hastati - light infantry (middle class land owners)
• velaties - skirmishers (proletarians)

From Phalanx to Manipular Force

Influences:

• technology
• metallurgy improvements for steel
• bronze weapons to iron/steel weapons
• creation of gladius (sword) and pilum (throwing spear)
• environment
• battles move from plains to mountains
• enemy
• Etruscans (phalanx: hoplite) to Samnites (manipular: shield and spear)
• adapt and learn tactics, technology, etc. from enemies

Conquest of Italy

push influence across peninsula sequentially, one enemy at a time

using diplomacy with others to isolate and ultimately conquer enemy

• 1st Samnite War (343-341) - Romans defetaed - learn maniple
• 2nd Samnite War (326-304) - Romans defeated - manipular tactics
• 3rd Samnite War (298-290) - Romans win

Unit 2: Vae Victus - Part 1

Themes: Competition - only meaningful if death is on the line; world of politics and sport are essentially the same

• Anima
• Numen
• Virtus

Internal Politics - primarily domain of patricians

patricians had:

• allies and money
• training included rhetoric and warfare
• deep and wide social network

Cursus Honorum
(course of honors; path to power)

Magistrates:

quester - aid to magistrate; access to the Senate; apprenticeship

aedile - manager of city grain and public works (temples, aquaducts, roads); building inspector; fire marshall; extremely lucrative and dangerous position

praetor - imperium=immunity from indictment and power to impose death penalty; lead an army; function as judges in legal system both civil and criminal; law enforcement for Mos Maiorum (will of the ancestors)

consul -imperium; chief executive officers; command Roman military; power propose, prevent or veto legislation

Tyranny Prevention (based on two principles)

• annuality - all elected office terms one year; non-consecutive terms allowed
• collegiality - more than one individual for each office; power divided and disperssed

Elections [patrician]

religious festivals (Jupiter Optimus Maximus)

all citizens vote according to class: wealthiest - to - proletarian

process primarily controlled by the wealthiest citizens

Elections [plebian]

tribunes elected only to represent plebian tribes

Senate

lifetime membership; representatives and power derived of Jupiter; advisory (Senatus Consultum) but no legislative power; foreign and military policy makers

Citizenship and Class Structure

Concepts of Citizenship

Civitas

• relationship between man and city; responsibilities of a member of collective society
• most important value; linked to ownership of self, self-posession, self-control (moderation, temperance)
• individual value is based on other's perceptions; social currency
• individual value is conditional

Gloria - glory; reputation, fame

Dignitas - dignity; position in the social order

Fama - fame; others report of an individual, more well-known the better

Honos - a post of honor or elected office

Individual Citizen's Value = Gloria + Dignitas+ Fama + Honos

Class Structure

Patrician (senatores) - families from the founding of the city; senate is heads of patrician families

Equestrian (equites) - elevated middle class; knight or elevated plebean; earned through acts of great bravery or procurement of wealth

Plebeian (plebs or vulgus) - middle or lower class; freeborn citizens of newer families, tribes

Salves (servi), Foreigners (peregrini), Non-Citizens - little or no value

Cultural Concepts - Continued

Roman concepts of the masculine and feminine are very different from the legacy of our own traditions, influenced by Celto-Germanic ideals, filtered through the Medieval and Victorian ages.

Masculine

• control of external forces
• seen/manifest

Feminine

• control of internal forces
• unseen/hidden

Remember, the point of the exercise is to examine the text of Aeneid as commentary about the Roman Republic and how they saw themselves, apart from just understanding the story.

Roman Cultural Concepts

Here is the a complete list of the vocabulary, as well as mythological references, that will help deepen your understanding of Virgil's Aeneid, while you continue to read.

Vocabulary - Latin

• anima - breath, life, the soul (what makes you human)
• audax - daring, bold, confident (bravery)
• contagio - pollution passed through touch, contagion (something within boundaries)
• facies - the visage, countenance, face (composure, self-discipline, and "appearance" of control appearance, look)
• numen - power, will (spiritual energy attained through conflicts, regardless of outcome
• pietas - piety, affection (devotion, dutiful conduct; respect for duty or fulfillment of responsibilities)
• religio - scruple, fear in a religious sense, caused by the obligation of duty, exactness, delicacy, sincerity, faith; to hind or keep back (draw a line around, differentiate)
• sacer- sacredness (charged with strong numen)
• sanctum - made sacred by decree or law (to set apart)
• veritas - truth (that which is real, not necessarily apparent; undeniable; requires empathy)

Gods & Goddesses

• Ceres (Demeter) - goddess of agriculture, grain, and the love a mother bears for her child
• Juno (Hera) - queen of the gods, protector and special counselor of the Roman state, stability
• Jupiter (Zeus) - supreme god of the Roman pantheon, all powerful and best, the special protector of Roman state and laws
• Pallas Minerva ( Pallas Athena) - goddess of wisdom, medicine, the arts, science and trade, and war
• Terminus - god of of protective boundaries
• Venus (Aphrodite) - goddess of love, fertility (sex), and beauty

Unit 1: Ab Urbe Condita - The Culture of Rome through Foundation History/Myths

Now that the course has begun, here is a brief outline of the essential aspects of our first unit.

• Essential Question: To what degree are history and mythology distinct?
• Essential Understanding: The cultural values of a society can be understood by the myths it creates concerning its origins.
• Essential Question: How does story reflect values of its time?
• Essential Understanding: Stories often tell us more about the context in which they are written than their subject(s).

Text to be used: Virgil's Aeneid

Focus on History:

• Foundation Myths
• Religion
• Vocabulary
• Roman Kingdom

Focus on Composition:

• Personal Myths (earliest memory)
• Multi-event, multi-character,
  three act structure

Focus on Skills:

• Reading - Identify evidence in accounts
• Writing - Apply evidence in composition
• Thinking - Evaluate evidence identified