Military Culture (War)
Early Republic Army (develops the legion) - organized by class; all soldiers responsible for own equipment
- patricians - flag officers; generals/colonels (aristocrats)
- equities - cavalry (wealthy land owners)
- triarii - hoplite spearmen- phalanx; elder soldiers (middle class land owners)
- principies - heavy infantry (middle class land owners)
- hastati - light infantry (middle class land owners)
- velaties - skirmishers (proletarians)
From Phalanx to Manipular Force
Influences:
- technology
- metallurgy improvements for steel
- bronze weapons to iron/steel weapons
- creation of gladius (sword) and pilum (throwing spear)
- environment
- battles move from plains to mountains
- enemy
- Etruscans (phalanx: hoplite) to Samnites (manipular: shield and spear)
- adapt and learn tactics, technology, etc. from enemies
Conquest of Italy
push influence across peninsula sequentially, one enemy at a time
using diplomacy with others to isolate and ultimately conquer enemy
- 1st Samnite War (343-341) - Romans defetaed - learn maniple
- 2nd Samnite War (326-304) - Romans defeated - manipular tactics
- 3rd Samnite War (298-290) - Romans win
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